Projections in ArcGIS

     Map projections are generally important because they let us understand our positions in the earth at any given point not only through visuals but through mathematical analysis (making us able to navigate ourselves accurately). There are various types of map projections. Some can look like a realistic view of the earth from space while others shape the earth in ways that make it nearly unrecognizable. Each projection has its own distinct properties and therefore they have their own functions. The ones used above consist of three different types of projections. They are conformal, equidistant, and equal-distant types of projections. Each view maps in different ways for different purposes.
     Certain maps are better for navigation. Specifically the conformal types of maps. These maps have lines that are the incidental. Meaning they have parallel line that keep the shape of the earth more or less accurate. Conformal types of maps are also known as orthomorphic map projections. The Mercator projection and the Stereographic projections are both conformal and although they don't keep the exact shape of large objects like the continents (especially Africa and Australia) they have a consistent direction throughout all points on the map. The Mercator projection is even used for marine navigation.
     There are more Equidistant maps than other types of map projections. Equidistant maps have certain uses that rely more on proportionate distances rather than actual angles. The point of these is to always keep the scale consistent. These projections are large scale and are mostly used for travel by airplane. In the equidistant Azumithal and Conic projections the continents are generally kept well proportioned. Neither Africa nor Australia seem to be either incredibly large or small. In fact, the only one that seems disproportionate is Antarctica in the Conic projection, but even then it is actually spread out equally throughout the far edges of the map where it should be.
     Equal Distant maps are mostly used for geology. This is because they preserve area. They correct the mistake of the Mercator projection that shows Greenland a few times larger than it should be and make it smaller than Africa. For example: the Equal Distant Cylindrical clearly shows the difference in size between Greenland and Africa. The cylindrical projection is as if a 3 dimensional surface of the earth was laid flat on a cylinder and spread out to form a rectangle. It looks stretched sideways but it keeps that area the same. The Sinusodial projection also preserves the area but it uses the equator and prime meridian as the only straight lines. It is the equivalent of cutting an orange and emptying its contents, then spreading the crust flat without ripping it. They are arguably the most interesting because they keep everything proportionate in terms of area but use unique ways of projecting it.